Description

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This book takes a fresh look at the foundations of modern Islam. Scholars often locate the origins of the modern Islamic world in European colonialism or Islamic reactions to European modernity. However, this study focuses on the rise of Islamic movements indigenous to the Middle East, which developed in direct response to the collapse and decentralization of the Islamic gunpowder empires. In other words, the book argues that the Usuli movement as well as Wahhabism and neo-Sufism emerged in reaction to the disintegration and political decentralization of the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal empires.

The book specifically highlights the emergence of Usuli Shi‘ism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The long-term impact of the Usuli revival was that Shi‘i clerics gained unprecedented social, political, and economic power in Iran and southern Iraq. Usuli clerics claimed authority to issue binding legal judgments, which, they argue, must be observed by all Shi‘is. By the early nineteenth century, Usulism emerged as a popular, fiercely independent, transnational Islamic movement. The Usuli clerics have often operated at the heart of social and political developments in modern Iraq and Iran and today dominate the politics of the region.

About the Author

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Zackery M. Heern is a professor of Middle East and Islamic studies at Murray State University. His research and teaching interests include Shi‘ism, Iraq, Iran, Islamic Movements, and Global History. He lives in Murray, America.

Praise For…

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'Heern has done a great and of course difficult job'.
— Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies

'Many discussions of Islamic movements of renewal and reform pay insufficient attention to Shi'I reformers. Heern provides an important resource for correcting this imbalance…His discussions of the issues involved in the way Muslim movements define knowledge and authority…provide a basis for more comprehensive examinations of renewlaist thought'
— Journal of Islamic Studies

'Many discussions of Islamic movements of renewal and reform pay insufficient attention to Shi’i reformers. Heern provides an important resource for correcting for this imbalance. His comparative analysis of the three eighteenth/nineteenth century movements provides a useful critical framework for this more inclusive coverage of Muslim renewal movements. His discussions of the issues involved in the way Muslim movements define knowledge and authority, both in the debates within Shi’ism and in comparison with the Sunni and Sufi approaches . . . provide a basis for more comprehensive examinations of renewalist thought.'
— Professor John O. Voll, Georgetown University

‘Heern... is primarily concerned with the Shias, Islam's second-largest denomination after the Sunnis. But he refreshingly teases out the parallels between the three movements, rather than their differences as most other commentators have done.’
— The Economist

‘A challenging and thought-provoking read.’
— Religioscope